Book to explain the brake system

Hello to the website of auto Spedes Today I present
  to you this book my father explains the brake system and in order not to dwell upon  Download Link
 

Prefer

How Brakes Work

       

                                                    

We all know that pushing down on the brake pedal slows a car to a stop. But how does this happen? How does your car transmit the force from your leg to its wheels? How does it multiply the force so that it is enough to stop something as big as a car?

When you depress your brake pedal, your car transmits the force from your foot to its brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a much greater force than you could apply with your leg, your car must also multiply the force of your foot. It does this in two ways:

• Mechanical advantage (leverage)
• Hydraulic force multiplication

­The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires transmit that force to the road using friction also. Before we begin our discussion on the components of the brake system, we'll cover these three :

in the engine lubrication system

 Summary
The lubrication system is designed to keep the components in the engine lubricated and to reduce friction

All moving parts in an engine require lubrication, that is, the application of oil to moving parts to reduce

 friction between them.

A lubrication system distributes oil through the engine. A typical lubrication system consists of an oil sump, an oil pump, and oil galleries. The oil is stored in the sump, bolted to the bottom of the engine block. Oil is drawn from the sump by an oil pump. Oil galleries are small passages in the cylinder block that direct oil to the moving parts.

Oil that has been pumped to the crankshaft main bearings travels through oil-ways to the connecting rods.

Oil may also be splashed from the connecting rods onto the cylinder walls.

A filter is usually provided to remove particles of dirt from the oil, and the circulation of the oil assists with the cooling of the internals parts.

Common Rail Fuel System

Common Rail Fuel System

With a common rail fuel system, an extremely high fuel pressure is created in the supply pump and this is fed directly to the common rail which is located on the engine and is connected to the injectors.

 Compared to previous diesel engines, the Common-rail system supplies highly pressurized fuel injection even at low engine speeds. As the highly pressurized fuel exits the injector’s very small holes (which are about the same diameter as a human hair), the fuel is sent to the combustion chamber as an extremely fine spray (particle of fuel is small).

Fuel Injection

Fuel injection is controlled electronically by an ECU (Electrical control unit).

The ECU detects the driving conditions through the signals from various sensors and calculates the correct injection volume and timing. Then, the ECU sends a signal to the injector to operate for precise and accurate control in the same way electronic fuel injection functions on petrol engines.